Umwanda mu nganda z'imyenda
● Sun Ruizhe, perezida w’Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu y’Imyenda n’Imyambaro mu Bushinwa, yigeze kuvuga mu nama y’Imiterere n’Udushya mu Mihindagurikire y’Ihindagurika ry’Isi mu 2019 ko inganda z’imyenda n’imyenda zabaye iza kabiri ku isi mu nganda zihumanya ikirere, iza kabiri inyuma y’inganda zikora peteroli;
● Dukurikije amakuru aturuka mu Ishyirahamwe ry’Ubukungu bw’Abashinwa, toni miliyoni 26 z’imyenda ishaje zijugunywa mu myanda mu gihugu cyanjye buri mwaka, kandi iyi mibare iziyongera ikagera kuri toni miliyoni 50 nyuma ya 2030;
● Dukurikije icyegeranyo cyatanzwe n’Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu y’Ubushinwa ishinzwe Imyenda n’Imyambaro, igihugu cyanjye gijugunya imyanda y’imyenda buri mwaka, bingana na toni miliyoni 24 za peteroli. Muri iki gihe, imyenda myinshi ishaje iracyajugunywa mu myanda cyangwa igatwikwa, byombi bikaba byatera umwanda ukomeye ku bidukikije.
Ibisubizo ku bibazo by'umwanda - fibres zishingiye ku binyabuzima
Ubusanzwe insinga zikoze mu myenda zikozwe mu bikoresho fatizo bya peteroli, nk'insinga za polyester (polyester), insinga za polyamide (nylon cyangwa nylon), insinga za polyacrylonitrile (insinga za acrylic), n'ibindi.
● Bitewe n’ubuke bw’umutungo wa peteroli bukomeje kwiyongera ndetse n’abaturage bakangukira kuzirikana ku kurengera ibidukikije. Guverinoma nazo zatangiye gufata ingamba zitandukanye zo kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’umutungo wa peteroli no gushaka umutungo ushobora kongera gukoreshwa utangiza ibidukikije wo gusimbuza.
● Bitewe n’ibura rya peteroli n’ibibazo by’ibidukikije, inganda zikora fibre za shimi zisanzwe nka Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi, n’u Buyapani zagiye zireka gukora fibre zisanzwe, maze zijya mu fibre zishingiye ku binyabuzima zigira inyungu nyinshi kandi zidakunze kugerwaho n’umutungo cyangwa ibidukikije.
Ibikoresho bya polyester bishingiye ku binyabuzima (PET / PEF) bishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora insinga zishingiye ku binyabuzima nouruhu rushingiye ku binyabuzima.
Muri raporo iheruka ya “Textile Herald” ku “Isuzuma n’Icyizere cy’Ikoranabuhanga ry’Imyenda ku Isi”, hagaragajwe ko:
● PET ishingiye ku binyabuzima 100% yafashe iya mbere mu kwinjira mu nganda z'ibiribwa, nko mu binyobwa bya Coca-Cola, mu biribwa bya Heinz, no mu gupfunyika ibikoresho byo gusukura, ndetse no mu bicuruzwa bya fibre by'ibigo bizwi cyane bya siporo nka Nike;
● Ibicuruzwa bya PET cyangwa PEF bishingiye ku binyabuzima 100% byagaragaye ku isoko.
Uko abantu bakomeza gusobanukirwa ku kurengera ibidukikije, ibikomoka ku binyabuzima bizagira inyungu mu bijyanye n’ubuvuzi, ibiribwa n’ubuvuzi bifitanye isano rya bugufi n’ubuzima bw’abantu.
● “Gahunda yo guteza imbere inganda z’imyenda (2016-2020)” y’igihugu cyanjye na “Gahunda ya cumi n’itatu y’imyaka itanu mu nganda z’imyenda” Iterambere rya siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga ryagaragaje neza ko icyerekezo gikurikiraho ari: guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya by’imyenda bishingiye ku binyabuzima kugira ngo bisimbuze umutungo kamere wa peteroli, guteza imbere inganda z’imyenda ishingiye ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi.
Fibre ishingiye ku binyabuzima ni iki?
● Udupira dushingiye ku binyabuzima bivuga utwuma dukozwe mu binyabuzima ubwabyo cyangwa mu bikomoka kuri byo. Urugero, utwuma dukomoka kuri aside polylactic (PLA fibre) dukozwe mu bihingwa birimo ifuru nk'ibigori, ingano, na beterave, naho utwuma dukomoka kuri alginate dukozwe mu bimera by'umukara.
● Ubu bwoko bwa fibre bushingiye ku binyabuzima ntabwo ari ubwatsi gusa kandi ntibungiza ibidukikije, ahubwo bufite n'imikorere myiza kandi bufite agaciro kanini. Urugero, imiterere ya mashini, kubora, kwangirika, kudashya, kudafata uruhu, kurwanya bagiteri, no gukuraho ubushuhe bw'imyenda ya PLA ntabwo ari munsi y'imiterere ya fibre gakondo. Fibre ya alginate ni ibikoresho fatizo byiza cyane byo gukora imyenda yo kwa muganga ifite imiterere ya hygroscopic cyane, bityo ikaba ifite agaciro kadasanzwe mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi n'ubuzima. Nk'uko, dufite ibikoresho bishya bizwi nkauruhu rushingiye ku binyabuzima/uruhu rw'abatarya inyama.
Kuki ugerageza ibicuruzwa kugira ngo urebe ko hari ibikomoka ku binyabuzima?
Uko abaguzi barushaho gukunda ibicuruzwa bidafite ingaruka ku bidukikije, bifite umutekano kandi bikomoka ku binyabuzima. Ubukene bw'imyenda ikomoka ku binyabuzima ku isoko ry'imyenda buriyongera umunsi ku wundi, kandi ni ngombwa guteza imbere ibicuruzwa bikoresha igice kinini cy'ibikoresho bikomoka ku binyabuzima kugira ngo bifate inyungu ya mbere ku isoko. Ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku binyabuzima bisaba ibikomoka ku binyabuzima mu bicuruzwa byaba biri mu bushakashatsi no mu iterambere, kugenzura ubuziranenge cyangwa kugurisha. Gupima ibikomoka ku binyabuzima bishobora gufasha abakora, abakwirakwiza cyangwa abagurisha:
● Ubushakashatsi n'Iterambere ry'Ibicuruzwa: Isuzuma rishingiye ku binyabuzima rikorwa mu gikorwa cyo guteza imbere ibikomoka ku binyabuzima, rishobora gusobanura neza ibikubiye mu bicuruzwa bishingiye ku binyabuzima kugira ngo byoroshye kunoza;
● Kugenzura ubuziranenge: Mu gihe cyo gukora ibicuruzwa bishingiye ku binyabuzima, ibizamini bishingiye ku binyabuzima bishobora gukorwa ku bikoresho fatizo byatanzwe kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho fatizo by'ibicuruzwa;
● Kwamamaza no kwamamaza: Ibikubiye mu nyandiko bishingiye ku buzima bw'umuntu bizaba igikoresho cyiza cyane cyo kwamamaza, gishobora gufasha ibicuruzwa kugirira icyizere abaguzi no kubona amahirwe yo ku isoko.
Ni gute namenya ibikubiye mu bicuruzwa bishingiye ku binyabuzima? - Ikizamini cya Carbon 14
Isuzuma rya karuboni-14 rishobora gutandukanya neza ibice bishingiye ku binyabuzima n'ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu gicuruzwa. Kubera ko ibinyabuzima bigezweho birimo karuboni 14 ku rugero rumwe na karuboni 14 mu kirere, mu gihe ibikoresho fatizo bya peteroli bidafite karuboni 14.
Niba igisubizo cy’ibizamini by’ibicuruzwa bishingiye ku binyabuzima ari 100% by’ibikomoka kuri karuboni bishingiye ku binyabuzima, bivuze ko ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku binyabuzima 100%; niba igisubizo cy’ibizamini by’ibicuruzwa ari 0%, bivuze ko ibicuruzwa byose ari ibikomoka kuri peteroli; niba igisubizo cy’ibizamini ari 50%, bivuze ko 50% by’ibicuruzwa ari ibikomoka ku binyabuzima naho 50% bya karuboni bikomoka kuri peteroli.
Amabwiriza agenga ibizamini ku myenda arimo ibipimo ngenderwaho by’Abanyamerika bya ASTM D6866, ibipimo ngenderwaho by’i Burayi bya EN 16640, n’ibindi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 22 Gashyantare 2022
